MONDAY, Feb. 21, 2022 (HealthDay News) — An experimental drug may help build bone mass in some adults with a rare brittle-bone disease, a small preliminary study suggests.
The disease is called osteogenesis imperfecta. It’s caused by defects in certain genes involved in making collagen — a key protein in the body’s connective tissue. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is present at birth, and may leave children with soft bones that are deformed or break easily — though the severity of the condition ranges widely.
While experts have known the culprit genes involved in osteogenesis imperfecta, the new study points to a mechanism in the disease process: overactivity in a protein called TGF-beta.
And when the researchers infused eight adult patients with a drug that inhibits the protein, five showed an increase in bone density.
The findings are preliminary, and much work remains ahead, stressed researcher Dr. Brendan Lee, a professor of molecular and human genetics at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.
“One has to be cautious,” he said, “because more bone does not necessarily mean better bone.”
But the broader hope is that by understanding the mechanisms of OI, better treatments — possibly with benefits outside the bone — can be developed, according to Lee.
“This is not only a bone disease,” he said. “This is a connective tissue disease.”
Depending on the severity of the condition, people can also suffer unstable joints, weak muscles, skin that bruises easily, hearing loss or underdeveloped lungs.
At this point, Lee said, it is unknown whether the drug used in this study, called fresolimumab, can affect those kinds of symptoms.
Osteogenesis imperfecta is rare, occurring in 1 out of every 10,000 to 20,000 births worldwide, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
There are no medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifically for the disease. But osteoporosis medications called bisphosphonates are a mainstay of treatment for children with osteogenesis imperfecta.
The drugs can increase kids’ bone density and help them be more active, said Dr. Cathleen Raggio, a pediatric orthopedic surgeon at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York City.
But bisphosphonates are not specifically designed for OI. That means they target a symptom and not the disease process itself, said Raggio, who researches and treats osteogenesis imperfecta.
She agreed that having medications that target a “pathway” in the OI process could “treat the core problem, rather than symptoms.”
Raggio, who was not involved in the new study, said she was “cautiously optimistic” about the findings. But like Lee, she stressed that much more work has to be done.
Larger studies of adults are needed, Raggio said, to look at the safety and longer-term effectiveness of fresolimumab — and to better understand why some patients may respond, while others do not.
The study, published recently in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, involved two parts. First, the researchers analyzed bone tissue samples from a small group of children with and without the brittle bone disease.
In previous research, Lee’s team had found that TGF-beta “signaling” is ramped up in lab mice with an OI-like condition. So they wanted to see whether that was true in human OI-affected bone.
It turned out that was the case.
Next, the researchers gave eight adult patients a single infusion of fresolimumab — a lab-engineered antibody that inhibits TGF-beta. The drug has been under study as a treatment for certain cancers, among other conditions.
In bone, Lee explained, TGF-beta appears to be a “master orchestrator” of remodeling — the continual process by which old bone is broken down and new bone is formed.
He and his colleagues found that five patients with more moderate OI showed increased bone density in the three to six months after the fresolimumab infusion. The three remaining patients, who had more severe disease, showed either no change or a decline in bone density.
Past research of fresolimumab for other conditions has turned up some potential risks, including bleeding and skin tumors.
In this study, patients had no serious side effects from the single infusion, according to Lee’s team.
The research was supported by the Brittle Bone Disorders Consortium, and a research agreement with Sanofi Genzyme, the maker of fresolimumab.
The company will lead a larger trial of adults with osteogenesis imperfecta, to further test the drug’s safety and effects on bone.
If adult studies prove positive, then the question will be whether the drug can benefit children with OI, too — possibly added onto bisphosphonates, Raggio said.
For now, she said, parents should know that researchers are working on understanding the mechanisms of the disease, and translating that to treatment.
No one is saying fresolimumab, or any single drug, will be the answer to a complex disease like OI, Lee noted.
“Rarely in medicine does one size fit all,” Lee said.
More information
The OI Foundation has more on osteogenesis imperfecta.
SOURCES: Brendan Lee, MD, PhD, professor and chair, department of molecular and human genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Cathleen L. Raggio, MD, pediatric orthopedic surgeon, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City; Journal of Clinical Investigation, Feb. 3, 2022, online
TUESDAY, Feb. 22, 2022 (HealthDay News) — You don’t need to run marathons or sweat it out on your indoor bike to boost your heart health.
This is the main message of a new study that found everyday household activities including dishwashing, gardening and cooking also count when it comes to helping older women reduce their risk for heart disease.
Women who got at least four hours of such daily life movement had a 43% lower risk of heart disease, a 30% lower risk of stroke, and a 62% lower risk of dying from heart disease compared to women who clocked fewer than two hours each day.
“The paradigm-shifting aspect is that we don’t typically call a lot of these activities strenuous exercise, but your heart doesn’t care what we call them, it knows when your body is moving and responds,” said study co-author Andrea LaCroix. She is a professor and chief of epidemiology at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science.
Just like walking and other forms of exercise, daily life movement improves blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol, and it helps maintain a normal weight, all of which will boost heart health, added study author Steve Nguyen, a postdoctoral scholar at UCSD.
For the study, more than 5,400 women wore a device for up to a week to track how much time they spent sitting, sitting in a vehicle, standing still, engaging in daily life movements, walking or running. (Daily life movement was defined as getting dressed, preparing meals or gardening.) Computer algorithms helped researchers classify this data.
The women ranged in age from 63 to 97 and did not have heart disease when the study began. After about 6.5 years of follow-up, 616 were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (268 had coronary heart disease, 253 had a stroke and 331 women died of heart or artery disease).
Women who spent more time standing and moving were less likely to develop heart disease and/or die from it, the findings showed.
And the more you do, the greater the benefits, the study authors found.
On average, women in the study clocked about 3.2 hours of daily movement and 9.6 hours of sitting time a day, so there is definitely room for improvement, LaCroix said.
From the second your feet hit the floor in the morning until you get back into bed at night, everything counts.
“Think about all the things you like doing that involve movement and do more of them,” Nguyen said.
Gardening or housework isn’t necessarily a replacement for more vigorous forms of exercise, however. “My aunt doesn’t like to walk but likes gardening, so it could be a replacement for her, but my mom loves to walk and garden, so gardening is extra movement for her,” he explained.
The findings were published online Feb. 22 in the Journal of the American Heart Association.
“Every time you are not sitting, you are doing something, and all movement counts,” said Dr. Laura DeFina, president and chief executive officer of The Cooper Institute in Dallas, who reviewed the findings.
“Housework, gardening and other activities of daily living aren’t direct replacements for strenuous exercise, but they certainly add up and count,” DeFina said.
The number one most important thing is not to be sedentary, she said.
More information
This American Heart Association infographic breaks down how much physical activity you should be getting.
SOURCES: Steve Nguyen, PhD, MPH, postdoctoral scholar, School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego; Andrea LaCroix, PhD, MPH, professor and chief of epidemiology, School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego; Laura DeFina, MD, president and chief executive officer, The Cooper Institute, Dallas; Journal of the American Heart Association, Feb. 22, 2022, online
